Grid model
Introduction
Powsybl features are strongly based on an internal grid model initially developed under the iTesla project, a research project funded by the European Union 7th Framework programme (FP7). The grid model is known as iidm
(iTesla Internal Data Model). One of the iTesla outputs was a toolbox designed to support the decision-making process of power system operation from two-days ahead to real time. The iidm
grid model was at the center of the toolbox.
To build an electrical network model, the substations must be defined first. The equipment of a substation (bus bar sections, switches, buses, loads, generators, shunt compensators, static VAR compensators, HVDC converters stations, etc.) are grouped in voltage levels. Transformers present in a substation connect its different voltage levels. Transmission lines (AC and DC) connect the substations.
The grid model allows a full representation of the substation connectivity where all the switching devices and bus bar sections are defined, this topology is called node/breaker view. Automated topology calculation allows for the calculation of the network bus/breaker view as well as the network bus view.
Different states of the network can be efficiently stored together with the power system model. The set of attributes that define a given state of the network (both steady state hypothesis and state variables) are collectively organized in variants. The user can create and remove variants as needed. Setting and getting variant dependent attributes on network objects use the current variant.
A set of networks can be merged together in a single network. The initial subnetworks are kept and can be easily retrieved or detached if needed.
Almost all the elements modeled in the network are identified through a unique id
, and optionally described by a name
that is easier to interpret for a human. Almost all components can be extended by the user to incorporate additional structured data.
Network and subnetwork
In the following sections the different network components are described in terms of their main attributes and electrotechnical representation. The attributes shared by all the network components are described in the next table:
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
\(Id\) | Unique Id assigned to each network component |
\(Name\) | Human readable identifier (not necessary unique) |
\(Fictitious\) | To identify non-physical network components |
\(Aliases\) | Additional unique identifiers associated with each network component |
\(Properties\) | To add additional data items to network components |
All equipment and the network itself are identified by a unique identifier which is the only required attribute. They can have a human-readable name. offer the possibility of adding additional unique identifiers to each component. An alias can be qualified to indicate what it corresponds to.
Properties allow associating additional arbitrary data items under the general schema of pairs <Key, Value>
.
To identify non-physical network components, one can use the fictitious property that is set to false
by default.
A network can contain several subnetworks.
Validation level
The validation level can be set to EQUIPMENT
or STEADY_STATE_HYPOTHESIS
. A network at equipment level is a network with missing steady-state hypotheses. This occurs just after SCADA systems, before any state estimation. Once all steady-state hypotheses are filled, meaning that a load flow engine has all the data needed to perform a computation, the validation level switches to STEADY_STATE_HYPOTHESIS
. For some processes, a minimal validation level of the network is required.
Network
In the PowSyBl grid model, the Network contains substations, which themselves contain voltage levels.
Characteristics
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
\(SourceFormat\) | Source format of the imported network model |
\(CaseDate\) | Date and time of the target network that is being modeled |
\(ForecastDistance\) | Number of minutes between the network generation date and the case date |
The SourceFormat
attribute is a required attribute that indicates the origin of the network model automatically set by the importers. If the case date and the forecast distance cannot be found in the case file, the network is considered as a snapshot: the case date is set to the current date, and the forecast distance is set to 0
.
Available extensions
Substation
A substation represents a specific geographical location with equipment grouped in one or several voltage levels.
Characteristics
Attribute | Description |
---|---|
\(Country\) | To specify in which country the substation is located |
\(GeographicalTags\) | They make it possible to accurately locate the substation |
\(TSO\) | To track to which TSO the substation belongs |
All three attributes are optional.
Available extensions
Voltage Level
A voltage level contains equipment with the same nominal voltage. Two voltage levels may be connected through lines (when they belong to different substations) or through transformers (they must be located within the same substation).
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(NominalVoltage\) | kV | Nominal base voltage |
\(LowVoltageLimit\) | kV | Low voltage limit magnitude |
\(HighVoltageLimit\) | kV | High voltage limit magnitude |
\(TopologyKind\) | Level of connectivity detail |
Specifications
Only NominalVoltage
and TopologyKind
are required.
The connectivity in each voltage level of the network can be defined at one of two levels: node/breaker
or bus/breaker
. The connectivity level can be different in each voltage level of the model.
In node/breaker
the connectivity is described with the finest level of detail and can provide an exact field representation. This level could be described as a graph structure where the vertices are Nodes
and the edges are Switches
(breakers, disconnectors) or internal connections. Each equipment is associated to one Node
(busbar sections, loads, generators, ..), two Nodes
(transmission lines, two-windings transformers, …) or three Nodes
(three-windings transformers). Each Node
can only have one associated equipment. Nodes
do not have an alphanumeric Id
or Name
, they are identified by an integer.
Using bus/breaker
the voltage level connectivity is described with a coarser level of detail. In this case the vertices of the graph are Buses
, defined explicitly by the user. A Bus
has an Id
, and may have a Name
. Each equipment defines the bus or buses to which it is connected. Switches
can be defined between buses.
PowSyBl provides an integrated topology processor that allows to automatically obtain a bus/breaker view from a node/breaker definition, and a bus/branch view from a bus/breaker view or definition. It builds the topology views from the open/close status of Switches
. Switches
marked as retained
in the node/breaker level are preserved in the bus/breaker view.
The following diagram represents an example voltage level with two busbars separated by a circuit breaker, a transformer connected to one of them and three generators that can connect to any of the two busbars. The three topology levels are shown.
When defining the model, the user has to specify how the different equipment connect to the network. If the voltage level is built at node/breaker level, the user has to specify a Node
when adding equipment to the model. If the user is building using bus/breaker level, the Bus
of the equipment must be specified. Using this information, the model creates a Terminal
that will be used to manage the point of connection of the equipment to the network.
Available extensions
Generator
A generator is an equipment that injects or consumes active power, and injects or consumes reactive power. It may be used as a controller to hold a voltage or reactive target somewhere in the network, not necessarily directly where it is connected. In that specific case, the voltage or reactive power control is remote.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(MinP\) | MW | Minimum generator active power output |
\(MaxP\) | MW | Maximum generator active power output |
\(ReactiveLimits\) | MVar | Operational limits of the generator (P/Q/V diagram) |
\(RatedS\) | MVA | The rated nominal power |
\(TargetP\) | MW | The active power target |
\(TargetQ\) | MVAr | The reactive power target at local terminal |
\(TargetV\) | kV | The voltage target at regulating terminal |
\(RegulatingTerminal\) | Associated node or bus for which voltage is to be regulated | |
\(VoltageRegulatorOn\) | True if the generator regulates voltage | |
\(EnergySource\) | The energy source harnessed to turn the generator |
Specifications
The values MinP
, MaxP
and TargetP
are required. The minimum active power output can not be greater than the maximum active power output. TargetP
must be inside this active power limits. RatedS
specifies the nameplate apparent power rating for the unit, it is optional and should be a positive value if it is defined. The reactive limits of the generator are optional, if they are not given the generator is considered with unlimited reactive power. Reactive limits can be given as a pair of min/max values or as a reactive capability curve.
The VoltageRegulatorOn
attribute is required. It voltage regulation is enabled, then TargetV
and RegulatingTerminal
must also be defined. If the voltage regulation is disabled, then TargetQ
is required. EnergySource
is optional, it can be: HYDRO
, NUCLEAR
, WIND
, THERMAL
, SOLAR
or OTHER
.
Target values for generators (TargetP
and TargetQ
) follow the generator sign convention: a positive value means an injection into the bus. Positive values for TargetP
and TargetQ
mean negative values at the flow observed at the generator Terminal
, as Terminal
flow always follows load sign convention. The following diagram shows the sign convention of these quantities with an example.
Available extensions
- Active Power Control
- Coordinated Reactive Control
- Discrete Measurements
- Generator ENTSO-E Category
- Generator Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Measurements
- Remote Reactive Power Control
Load
A load is a passive equipment representing a delivery point that consumes or produces active and reactive power.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(P0\) | MW | The active power setpoint |
\(Q0\) | MVar | The reactive power setpoint |
Specifications
- Initial values for loads P0 and Q0 follow the passive-sign convention:
- Flow out from the bus has a positive sign.
- Consumptions are positive.
Metadata In the grid model, loads comprise the following metadata:
- The load type, which can be:
UNDEFINED
AUXILIARY
FICTITIOUS
- The load model, which can be:
ZIP
(or polynomial), following equations:
\(P = P0 * (c0p + c1p \times (v / v0) + c2p \times (v / v0)^2)\)
\(Q = Q0 * (c0q + c1q \times (v / v0) + c2q \times (v / v0)^2)\)
with v0 the nominal voltage.
Sum of C0p, C1p and C2p must be equal to 1.
Sum of C0q, C1q and C2q must be equal to 1.EXPONENTIAL
, following equations:
\(P = P0 \times (v / v0)^np\)
\(Q = Q0 \times (v / v0)^nq\)
with v0 the nominal voltage.
np and nq are expected to be positive.
Available extensions
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Load Asymmetrical
- Load Detail
- Measurements
Battery
A battery on the electric grid is an energy storage device that is either capable of capturing energy from the grid or of injecting it into the grid. The electric energy on the grid side is thus transformed into chemical energy on the battery side and vice versa. The power flow is bidirectional and it is controlled via a power electronic converter.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(P0\) | MW | The Constant active power |
\(Q0\) | MVar | The Constant reactive power |
\(MinP\) | MW | The Minimal active power |
\(MaxP\) | MW | The Maximum active power |
Available extensions
- Active Power Control
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Measurements
Dangling line
A network may be connected to other networks for which a full description is not available or unwanted. In this case, a boundary line exists between the two networks. In the network of interest, that connection could be represented through a dangling line, which represents the part of that boundary line which is located in it. A dangling line is thus a passive or active component that aggregates a line chunk and a constant power injection, in passive-sign convention. The active and reactive power set points are fixed: the injection represents the power flow that would occur through the connection, were the other network fully described.
A generation part, at boundary side can also be modeled, with a constant active power injection and a constant reactive power injection if the generation part of the dangling line is out of voltage regulation or a voltage target if the regulation is enabled. This fictitious generator can only regulate voltage locally: the regulating terminal can not be set, it is necessary the boundary side of the dangling line. Limits are modeled through \(MinP\) and \(MaxP\) for active power limits and through reactive limits. This generation part is optional. The generation part of the dangling line follows the classical generator sign convention.
Resulting flows at the dangling line terminal all follow the same passive-sign convention, either for the injection part or for the generation part.
Dangling lines are key objects for merging networks. Merging will be described soon here.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(P0\) | MW | The active power setpoint |
\(Q0\) | MVar | The reactive power setpoint |
\(R\) | \(\Omega\) | The series resistance |
\(X\) | \(\Omega\) | The series reactance |
\(G\) | S | The shunt conductance |
\(B\) | S | The shunt susceptance |
Optional:
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(MinP\) | MW | Minimum generation part active power output |
\(MaxP\) | MW | Maximum generation part active power output |
\(ReactiveLimits\) | MVar | Operational limits of the generation part (P/Q/V diagram) |
\(TargetP\) | MW | The active power target |
\(TargetQ\) | MVAr | The reactive power target |
\(TargetV\) | kV | The voltage target |
\(VoltageRegulatorOn\) | True if the generation part regulates voltage |
Specifications
- \(P0\) and \(Q0\) are the active and reactive power setpoints
- \(R\), \(X\), \(G\) and \(B\) correspond to a fraction of the original line and have to be consistent with the declared length of the dangling line.
In case the line is a boundary, a pairing key \(pairingKey\) (in previous network versions \(UcteXnodeCode\)) is defined besides the characteristics of the table. It is a key to match two dangling lines and reconstruct the full boundary line, for both UCTE or CIM-CGMES formats.
// TODO, add boundary
Available extensions
- CGMES Dangling Line Boundary Node
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Measurements
Shunt Compensator
A shunt compensator represents a shunt capacitor or reactor or a set of switchable banks of shunt capacitors or reactors in the network. A section of a shunt compensator is an individual capacitor or reactor: if its reactive power (Q) is negative, it is a capacitor; if it is positive, it is a reactor.
There are two supported models of shunt compensators: linear shunt compensators and non-linear shunt compensators.
A linear shunt compensator has banks or sections with equal admittance values. A non-linear shunt compensator has banks or sections with different admittance values.
Shunt compensators follow a passive-sign convention:
- Flow out from bus has positive sign.
- Consumptions are positive.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(MaximumSectionCount\) | - | The maximum number of sections that may be switched on |
\(SectionCount\) | - | The current number of sections that are switched on |
\(B\) | S | The susceptance of the shunt compensator in its current state |
\(G\) | S | The conductance of the shunt compensator in its current state |
\(TargetV\) | kV | The voltage target |
\(TargetDeadband\) | kV | The deadband used to avoid excessive update of controls |
\(RegulatingTerminal\) | - | Associated node or bus for which voltage is to be regulated |
\(VoltageRegulatorOn\) | - | True if the shunt compensator regulates voltage |
- For Linear Shunt Compensators
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(bPerSection\) | S | The Positive sequence shunt (charging) susceptance per section |
\(gPerSection\) | S | The Positive sequence shunt (charging) conductance per section |
We expect \(bPerSection\) to be a non zero value. The disconnected status of the linear shunt compensator can be modeled by setting the \(SectionCount\) attribute to zero.
- For Non Linear Shunt Compensators
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(Sections\) | Section | The Partition of all the shunt compensator’s sections |
Section
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(B\) | S | The accumulated positive sequence shunt (charging) susceptance of the section if this section and all the previous ones are activated |
\(G\) | S | The accumulated positive sequence shunt (charging) conductance of the section if this section and all the previous ones are activated |
\(B\) and \(G\) attributes can be equal zero, but the disconnected status of the non linear shunt compensator can be modeled by setting the \(SectionCount\) attribute to zero. The section which \(SectionCount\) equal to \(1\) is the first effective section, and it would be more efficient to affect it a non zero susceptance.
Specifications
- A section of a shunt compensator is an individual capacitor or reactor. A value of bPerSection positive means it is modeling a capacitor, an equipment that injects reactive power into the bus. A value of bPerSection negative means a reactor, an equipment that can absorb excess reactive power from the network.
- The current section count is expected to be greater than one and lesser or equal to the maximum section count.
- Regulation for shunt compensators does not necessarily model automation, it can represent human actions on the network e.g. an operator activating or deactivating a shunt compensator). However, it can of course be integrated on a power flow calculation or not, depending on what is wanted to be shown.
- In case of a capacitor, the value for its Q will be negative.
- In case of a reactor, the value for its Q will be positive.
Available extensions
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Measurements
Static VAR Compensator
It may be controlled to hold a voltage or reactive setpoint somewhere in the network (not necessarily directly where it is connected). Static VAR compensators follow a passive-sign convention:
- Flow out from bus has positive sign.
- Consumptions are positive.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(Bmin\) | S | The minimum susceptance |
\(Bmax\) | S | The maximum susceptance |
\(VoltageSetpoint\) | kV | The voltage setpoint |
\(ReactivePowerSetpoint\) | MVar | The reactive power setpoint |
Specifications
- \(Bmin\) and \(Bmax\) are the susceptance bounds of the static VAR compensator. Reactive power output of a static VAR compensator is limited by the maximum and the minimum susceptance values. The min/max reactive power of a static VAR compensator are determined by:
\(Qmin = -Bmin \times V^2\)
\(Qmax = -Bmax \times V^2\)
where \(V\) is the voltage of the bus that connects the static VAR compensator to the network. Even if the regulating terminal is remote, only the local voltage has to be considered to retrive the minimum and the maximum amouts of reactive power. Reactive limits can be handled in an approximative way using the nominal voltage of the connected bus. - The voltage setpoint is required when the regulation mode is set to
VOLTAGE
. - The reactive power setpoint is required when the regulation mode is set to
REACTIVE_POWER
.
Metadata In IIDM the static VAR compensator also comprises some metadata:
- The regulation mode, which can be:
VOLTAGE
REACTIVE_POWER
OFF
Note that it is different from the generators’ regulation definition, which is only done through a boolean.OFF
is equivalent to a disconnected equipment.
- The regulating terminal, which can be local or remote: it is the specific connection point on the network where the setpoint is measured.
Available extensions
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Measurements
- VoltagePerReactivePowerControl
Line
AC transmission lines are modeled using a standard \(\pi\) model with distributed parameters. A Line
is a Branch
, that models equipment with two terminals (or two sides). For the time being, a branch is an AC equipment.
With series impedance \(z\) and the shunt admittance on each side \(y_1\) and \(y_2\):
\[\begin{align*} \begin{array}{lcl} z & = & r+j.x\\ y_1 & = & g_1 +j. b_1\\ y_2 & = & g_2 +j. b_2 \end{array} \end{align*}\]The equations of the line, in complex notations, are as follow:
\[\begin{align*} & \left(\begin{array}{c} I_{1}\\ I_{2} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc} y_{1}+\dfrac{1}{z} & -\dfrac{1}{z}\\ -\dfrac{1}{z} & y_{2}+\dfrac{1}{z} \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} V_{1}\\ V_{2} \end{array}\right) \end{align*}\]Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(R\) | \(\Omega\) | The series resistance |
\(X\) | \(\Omega\) | The series reactance |
\(G1\) | S | The first side shunt conductance |
\(B1\) | S | The first side shunt susceptance |
\(G2\) | S | The second side shunt conductance |
\(B2\) | S | The second side shunt susceptance |
Metadata
- Lines can have current limits
Available extensions
- Connectable position
- Branch Observability
- Branch Status
- CGMES Line Boundary Node
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Measurements
Tie Line
A tie line is an AC line sharing power between two neighbouring regional grids. It is created by pairing two dangling lines with the same pairing key. It has line characteristics, with \(R\) (resp. \(X\)) being the sum of the series resistances (resp. reactances) of the two dangling lines. \(G1\) (resp. \(B1\)) is equal to the first dangling line’s \(G1\) (resp. \(B1\)). \(G2\) (resp. \(B2\)) is equal to the second dangling line’s \(G2\) (resp. \(B2\)).
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(R\) | \(\Omega\) | The series resistance |
\(X\) | \(\Omega\) | The series reactance |
\(G1\) | S | The first side shunt conductance |
\(B1\) | S | The first side shunt susceptance |
\(G2\) | S | The second side shunt conductance |
\(B2\) | S | The second side shunt susceptance |
A tie line is not a connectable. It is just a container of two underlying dangling lines with the same pairing key. When connected together, each dangling line P0
and Q0
(and generation part if present) is ignored: only global tie line characteristics are used to compute flow. Removing a tie line leads to two free dangling lines, with an optional update of P0
and Q0
to match the flows in the global network context.
Transformers
Two windings transformer
A two windings power transformer is connected to two voltage levels (side 1 and side 2) that belong to a same substation. Two windings transformers are modeled with the following equivalent \(\Pi\) model:
With the series impedance \(z\) and the shunt admittance \(y\) and the voltage ratio \(\rho\) and the angle difference \(\alpha\) and potentially parameters from the current step of a ratio tap changer and/or a phase tap changer, we have:
\[\begin{array}{lcl} r & = & r_{nom}.\left(1+\dfrac{r_{r, tap} + r_{\phi, tap}}{100}\right)\\ x & = & x_{nom}.\left(1+\dfrac{x_{r, tap} + x_{\phi, tap}}{100}\right)\\ g & = & g_{nom}.\left(1+\dfrac{g_{r, tap} + g_{\phi, tap}}{100}\right)\\ b & = & b_{nom}.\left(1+\dfrac{b_{r, tap} + b_{\phi, tap}}{100}\right)\\ \rho & = & \dfrac{V_{2nom}}{V_{1nom}}.\rho_{r, tap}.\rho_{\phi, tap}\\ \alpha & = & \alpha_{\phi, tap}\\ z & = & r + j.x\\ y & = & g + j.b\\ V_{0} & = & V_{1}.\rho e^{j\alpha}\\ I_{0} & = & \dfrac{I_{1}}{\rho e^{-j\alpha}}\\ \end{array}\]Using the above notation, the equations of the two windings transformer, in complex notations, are as follow:
\[\left(\begin{array}{c} I_{1}\\ I_{2} \end{array}\right)=\left(\begin{array}{cc} \rho\text{²}(y+\dfrac{1}{z}) & -\dfrac{1}{z}\rho e^{-j\alpha}\\ -\rho\dfrac{1}{z} e^{j\alpha} & \dfrac{1}{z} \end{array}\right)\left(\begin{array}{c} V_{1}\\ V_{2} \end{array}\right)\]Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(R_{nom}\) | \(\Omega\) | The nominal series resistance at the side 2 of the transformer |
\(X_{nom}\) | \(\Omega\) | The nominal series reactance at the side 2 of the transformer |
\(G_{nom}\) | S | The nominal magnetizing conductance at the side 2 of the transformer |
\(B_{nom}\) | S | The nominal magnetizing susceptance at the side 2 of the transformer |
\(V_{1\ nom}\) | kV | The rated voltage at side 1 |
\(V_{2\ nom}\) | kV | The rated voltage at side 2 |
\(RatedS\) | MVA | The normal apparent power |
Specifications
- A ratio tap changer and/or a phase tap changer can be associated with a two windings power transformer.
- For a two windings transformer, the normal apparent power shall be identical at both sides 1 and 2.
Available extensions
- Branch Observability
- Branch Status
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Measurements
- Two-windings Transformer Phase Angle Clock
- Two-windings Transformer To Be Estimated
Three windings transformer
A three windings power transformer is connected to three voltage levels (side 1, side 2 and side 3) that belong to the same substation. We usually have:
- Side 1 as the primary side (side with the highest rated voltage)
- Side 2 as the secondary side (side with the medium rated voltage)
- Side 3 as the tertiary side (side with the lowest rated voltage)
A three windings transformer is modeled with three legs, where every leg model is electrically equivalent to a two windings transformer. For each leg, the network bus is at side 1 and the star bus is at side 2.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(RatedU0\) | kV | The rated voltage at the star bus |
Specifications
- A ratio tap changer and/or a phase tap changer can be associated to all three sides of a three windings power transformer. Only one tap changer (either ratio or phase tap changer) is allowed to be regulating on the equipment at a given time.
Available extensions
- Branch Status
- Connectable position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Measurements
- Three-windings Transformer Phase Angle Clock
- Three-windings Transformer To Be Estimated
Three windings transformer leg
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(R\) | \(\Omega\) | The nominal series resistance specified at the voltage of the leg |
\(X\) | \(\Omega\) | The nominal series reactance specified at the voltage of the leg |
\(G\) | S | The nominal magnetizing conductance specified at the voltage of the leg |
\(B\) | S | The nominal magnetizing susceptance specified at the voltage of the leg |
\(RatedU\) | kV | The rated voltage |
\(RatedS\) | MVA | The normal apparent power |
Specifications
- A leg can have current limits.
HVDC Line
An HVDC line is connected to the DC side of two HVDC converter stations, either an LCC station or a VSC station.
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(R\) | \(\Omega\) | The resistance of the HVDC line |
\(NominalV\) | kV | The nominal voltage |
\(ActivePowerSetpoint\) | MW | The active power setpoint |
\(MaxP\) | MW | The maximum active power |
Specifications
- The HVDC line operation depends on a converters mode, which indicates the flow direction. In the specification it is thus mandatory to define
ConvertersMode
, which can be:SIDE_1_RECTIFIER_SIDE_2_INVERTER
: the flow goes from side 1 to side 2SIDE_1_INVERTER_SIDE_2_RECTIFIER
: the flow goes from side 2 to side 1
The flow sign is thus given by the type of the converter station: the power always flows from the rectifier converter station to the inverter converter station. At a terminal on the AC side,
P
andQ
follow the passive sign convention.P
is positive on the rectifier side.P
is negative at the inverter side. - The active power setpoint and the maximum active power should always be positive values.
Available extensions
HVDC Converter Station
An HVDC converter station converts electric power from high voltage alternating current (AC) to high-voltage direct current (HVDC), or vice versa. Electronic converters for HVDC are divided into two main categories: line-commutated converters (LCC) and voltage-sourced converters (VSC).
Characteristics
Attribute | Type | Unit | Required | Default value | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
HvdcType | HvdcType |
- | yes | - | The HVDC type |
LossFactor | float | % | yes | - | The loss factor |
The LossFactor should be greater than 0.
Specifications
The HVDC type, LCC
or VSC
, determines if the Converter Station is a LCC Converter Station or a VSC Converter Station.
The positive loss factor LossFactor
is used to model the losses during the conversion. In case of:
- A rectifier operation (conversion from AC to DC), we have \(\frac{P_{DC}}{P_{AC}} = 1 - \frac{LossFactor}{100}\)
- An inverter operation (conversion from DC to AC), we have \(\frac{P_{AC}}{P_{DC}} = 1 - \frac{LossFactor}{100}\) Note that at the terminal on the AC side, \(Q\) is always positive: the converter station always consumes reactive power.
LCC Converter Station
An LCC converter station is made with electronic switches that can only be turned on (thyristors). Below are some characteristics:
- Use semiconductors which can withstand voltage in either polarity
- Output voltage can be either polarity to change the power direction
- Current direction does not change
- Store energy inductively
- Use semiconductors which can turn on by control action
- Turn-off and commutation rely on the external circuit
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(PowerFactor\) | % | Ratio between the active power \(P\) and the apparent power \(S\). |
Available extensions
VSC Converter Station
A VSC converter station is made with switching devices that can be turned both on and off (transistors). Below are some characteristics:
- Use semiconductors which can pass current in either direction
- Output voltage polarity does not change
- Current direction changes to change the power direction
- Store energy capacitively
- Use semiconductors which can turn on or off by control action
- Turn-off is independant of external circuit
Characteristics
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(VoltageSetpoint\) | kV | The voltage setpoint for regulation |
\(ReactivePowerSetpoint\) | MVar | The reactive power setpoint for regulation |
Specifications
- The voltage setpoint (in kV) is required if the voltage regulator is on for the VSC station.
- The reactive power setpoint (in MVar) is required if the voltage regulator is off for the VSC station. A positive value of \(ReactivePowerSetpoint\) means an injection into the bus, thus a negative value at the corresponding terminal (which is in passive-sign convention).
- A set of reactive limits can be associated to a VSC converter station. All the reactive limits modelings available in the library are described here.
Metadata
- The participation to regulation (through a boolean)
Available extensions
Busbar Section
A busbar section is a non impedant element used in a node/breaker substation topology to connect equipment.
Available extensions
- Busbar Section Position
- Discrete Measurements
- Identifiable Short-Circuit
- Injection Observability
- Measurements
Breaker/Switch
Available extensions
Internal Connection
Internal connection
An internal connection is a non-impedant connection between two components in a voltage level.
Additional network models
In this section, the additional models available in IIDM are described: reactive limits, current limits, voltage regulation, phase and ratio tap changers. They can be used by various equipment models.
Reactive limits
The reactive limits may be used to model limitations of the reactive power of generators, VSC converter stations and batteries.
Min-Max reactive limits
With the min-max reactive limits, the reactive power does not depend on the active power. For any active power value, the reactive power value is in the [minQ, maxQ] interval.
Reactive capability curve
With the reactive capability curve limits, the reactive power limitation depends on the active power value. This dependency is based on a curve provided by the user. The curve is defined as a set of points that associate, to each active power value, a minimum and maximum reactive power value. In between the defined points of the curve, the reactive power limits are computed through a linear interpolation.
Loading Limits
Some equipment have operational limits regarding the current, active power or apparent power value, corresponding to the equipment’s physical limitations (related to heating).
Loading limits can be declined into active power limits (in MW), apparent power limits (in kVA) and current limits (in A). They may be set for lines, dangling lines, two windings transformers and three windings transformers. The active power limits are in absolute value.
Loading limits are defined by one permanent limit and any number of temporary limits (zero or more). The permanent limit sets the current, active power or apparent power absolute value under which the equipment can safely be operated for any duration. The temporary limits can be used to define higher current, active power or apparent power limitations corresponding to specific operational durations. A temporary limit thus has an acceptable duration.
The component on which the current limits are applied can safely remain between the preceding limit (it could be another temporary limit or a permanent limit) and this limit for a duration up to the acceptable duration. Please look at this scheme to fully understand the modelling (the following example shows current limits but this modelling is valid for all loading limits):
Note that, following this modelling, in general the last temporary limit (the higher one in value) should be infinite with an acceptable duration different from zero, except for tripping current modeling where the last temporary limit is infinite with an acceptable duration equal to zero. If temporary limits are modeled, the permanent limit becomes mandatory.
Limit group collection
In network development studies or in an operational context (CGMES), we can have a set of operational limits according to the season (winter vs summer for example), the time of the day (day vs night) etc. In PowSyBl, users can store a collection of limits:
- Active power limits, apparent power limits and current limits are gathered into an
OperationalLimitsGroup
object. This group has anid
. - Lines and transformers are associated with a collection of
OperationalLimitsGroup
(one collection per side/leg). Users can then choose the active set according to their needs.
Phase tap changer
A phase tap changer can be added to either two windings transformers or three windings transformers’ legs.
Specifications
A phase tap changer is described by a set of tap positions (or steps) within which the transformer or transformer leg can operate. Additionally to that set of steps, it is necessary to specify:
- the lowest tap position
- the highest tap position
- the position index of the current tap (which has to be within the highest and lowest tap position bounds)
- whether the tap changer is regulating or not
- the regulation mode, which can be
CURRENT_LIMITER
,ACTIVE_POWER_CONTROL
orFIXED_TAP
: the tap changer either regulates the current or the active power. - the regulation value (either a current value in
A
or an active power value inMW
) - the regulating terminal, which can be local or remote: it is the specific connection point on the network where the setpoint is measured.
- the target deadband, which defines a margin on the regulation so as to avoid an excessive update of controls
The phase tap changer can always switch tap positions while loaded, which is not the case of the ratio tap changer described below.
Each step of a phase tap changer has the following attributes:
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(r_{\phi, tap}\) | % | The resistance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(x_{\phi, tap}\) | % | The reactance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(g_{\phi, tap}\) | % | The conductance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(b_{\phi, tap}\) | % | The susceptance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(\rho_{\phi, tap}\) | p.u. | The voltage ratio in per unit of the rated voltages |
\(\alpha_{\phi, tap}\) | \(^{\circ}\) | Angle difference |
Ratio tap changer
A ratio tap changer can be added to either two windings transformers or three windings transformers’ legs.
Specifications
A ratio tap changer is described by a set of tap positions (or steps) within which the transformer or transformer leg can operate (or be operated offload). Additionally to that set of steps, it is necessary to specify:
- the lowest tap position
- the highest tap position
- the position index of the current tap (which has to be within the highest and lowest tap position bounds)
- whether the tap changer is regulating or not
- the regulation mode, which can be
VOLTAGE
orREACTIVE_POWER
: the tap changer either regulates the voltage or the reactive power - the regulation value (either a voltage value in
kV
or a reactive power value inMVar
) - the regulating terminal, which can be local or remote: it is the specific connection point on the network where the setpoint is measured.
- the target deadband, which defines a margin on the regulation so as to avoid an excessive update of controls
- whether the ratio tap changer can change tap positions onload or only offload
Each step of a ratio tap changer has the following attributes:
Attribute | Unit | Description |
---|---|---|
\(r_{r, tap}\) | % | The resistance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(x_{r, tap}\) | % | The reactance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(g_{r, tap}\) | % | The conductance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(b_{r, tap}\) | % | The susceptance deviation in percent of nominal value |
\(\rho_{r, tap}\) | p.u. | The voltage ratio in per unit of the rated voltages |